Sankin-kōtai, often translated as the “Alternate Attendance System,” was a unique political institution that defined the Edo period of Japan (1603–1868). Under this system, regional lords known as daimyo were required to travel regularly between their own domains and Edo—modern-day Tokyo—where the shogun, the military ruler of Japan, held power. Lasting for more than 260 years, the system played a central role in maintaining political stability and shaping the economic and cultural landscape of Japan.
Purpose of the System
The primary purpose of sankin-kōtai was to ensure loyalty to the Tokugawa shogunate and prevent regional lords from gaining too much military power. Instead of relying solely on armed force, the shogunate used economic pressure and mobility as tools of control. By requiring daimyo to undertake costly journeys and maintain lavish residences in Edo, the government weakened their financial ability to rebel.
Another significant aspect of the system was the rule that the daimyo’s wife and children had to live in Edo permanently. This acted as a form of political “hostage,” guaranteeing the daimyo’s loyalty to the shogun. Through these measures, sankin-kōtai effectively centralized power without constant warfare and helped maintain peace across Japan for more than two centuries.
National Diet Library Digital Collection
How the System Worked
Daimyo were generally required to alternate their residence each year—one year in Edo, followed by one year in their home domain. These journeys were not simple trips but massive, highly organized processions. Known as daimyo gyoretsu, the processions could include hundreds or even thousands of attendants, including samurai, foot soldiers, servants, porters, craftsmen, and horses carrying supplies.
These long journeys often took several weeks or even over a month, depending on the distance. Major highways such as the Tōkaidō and Nakasendō were used, and along these routes, post towns (shukuba) offered lodging, meals, stables, and other essential services. For local people, the passing of a daimyo procession was a spectacular event, showcasing the power and wealth of the traveling lord.
Economic and Social Impact
Sankin-kōtai had far-reaching effects on Japan’s economy. Because daimyo processions required enormous amounts of food, lodging, transportation, and supplies, they stimulated economic activity along major highways. Inns, teahouses, merchants, craftsmen, and transportation workers benefited from the steady demand created by the traffic of thousands of travelers each year.
Moreover, the requirement for daimyo to maintain residences in Edo contributed to the city’s rapid growth. By the 18th century, Edo had become one of the world’s largest cities, with a population exceeding one million. The constant flow of people and goods between Edo and the provinces encouraged the development of a nationwide commercial network. Specialties from each region—such as lacquerware, ceramics, textiles, and foods—were brought to Edo, while Edo’s cultural trends traveled back to the provinces.
Culturally, sankin-kōtai played a major role in connecting different parts of Japan. As daimyo and their retainers moved back and forth, they brought with them regional styles, performing arts, and customs. At the same time, Edo’s vibrant urban culture influenced the entire country. Kabuki theater, ukiyo-e woodblock prints, sweets, fashion trends, and other cultural elements spread widely due to this regular movement of people.
End of the System and Its Legacy
The sankin-kōtai system came to an end in 1868, when the Tokugawa shogunate collapsed during the Meiji Restoration. However, its influence can still be seen today. Many historical highways and preserved post towns, such as those along the Nakasendō, remain popular tourist destinations, offering glimpses into the travel culture of the Edo period. Museums and local festivals often recreate daimyo gyoretsu, allowing visitors to experience the grandeur of these processions.
Even in modern Japanese language, the expression “daimyo procession” is used metaphorically to describe a long or overly formal group of people moving together. This reflects how deeply sankin-kōtai has remained in cultural memory.
People Also Ask about Sankin-kotai
What does sankin-kotai mean?
Sankin-kotai means “alternate attendance,” referring to a system where feudal lords had to live alternately between their domain and Edo.
Why was sankin-kotai important?
It helped the shogunate control powerful lords by forcing them to spend money and keep their families in Edo as hostages.
Who created the sankin-kotai system?
The system was formalized in the 17th century by the Tokugawa government to strengthen political control over regional rulers.
How did sankin-kotai affect travel in Japan?
It increased traffic along major highways, leading to the development of post towns, inns, and local economies.
When did sankin-kotai end?
The system ended in 1862 shortly before the fall of the shogunate and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.
How often did daimyo travel to Edo?
Typically every other year, though schedules varied depending on domain size and distance.
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